虽然非营利组织可能是通过电子邮件投票采取行动的常见做法，但在加州非营利组织法律下可能无法允许。董事会只能在正式举行会议或一致的书面同意时采取行动。那么这个问题是电子邮件表决是否符合正式举行会议或一致书面同意的要求。
通过电话会议上董事会可能发生or electronic video screen communication, provided that all directors participating can hear one another. A meeting may also take place via other electronic transmission if (a) each director participating can communicate with all other directors participating concurrently, and (b) each director is provided the means of participating in all matters before the board. Generally, an email vote would not meet such requirements because of the lack of real-time participation by all participating directors.
A board may also take action by unanimous written consent, that is, “if all members of the board shall individually or collectively consent in writing to that action.” An “interested director” (generally, one with a material financial interest in the transaction being voted upon) is excluded from the “all members of the board” requirement. Such action has the effect of a unanimous vote of the directors.
The California Corporation Law does not expressly authorize a unanimous written consent to be executed by email. However, an email vote may constitute a unanimous written consent if all directors, other than any interested directors, approve the same action “in writing.” A “writing” is defined in the Nonprofit Corporation Law to include “facsimile, telegraphic, and other electronic communication as authorized by this code, including an electronic transmission by a corporation that satisfied the requirements of section 20.” At the time this post was originally written, section 20 required that an email by a corporation satisfy the federal E-Sign Act, which defines an “electronic signature” as “an electronic sound, symbol, or process, attached to or logically associated with a contract or other record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.” Since such time, section 20 has been amended to omit such reference. However, a written consent sent by email is an electronic transmission to a corporation and not by a corporation, and accordingly section 20 would not directly apply regardless.
对于一致的书面同意，人们普遍认为，书面批准需要董事的有效签名，无论是手动还是电子，或者董事所提供的同意的其他验证。如果签名只是发件人的类型名称，则该问题是电路板是否依赖于签名的真实性。虽然不直接适用，但加州政府规范仅适用于与公共实体的通信提供了一些指导。它指出，“使用数字签名应具有相同的力量和效果，因为才能使用手动签名，如果它才能体现以下所有属性：
- 它是使用它的人是独一无二的。
- 它能够验证。
- 它是使用它的人的唯一控制。
- It is linked to data in such a manner that if the data are changed, the digital signature is invalidated.”
For a trivial action, If the purported sender of an email consent denies sending it, there may be little, if any, harm. However, the same may not be true for a major transaction or corporate change. In such case, the requirement of a manual signature (on a form that can be scanned and sent to the corporation by email) seems prudent. Because it may be too much trouble to determine where an email consent would or would not be appropriate, I generally disfavor unanimous written consents by email without use of manual signatures or unique digital signatures.
Additional Resources:
非营利组织董事会可以通过电子邮件投票吗？by基因Takagi.&艾米莉陈
Can a California Nonprofit Board Vote by Email?bySteven R. Chiodini
可以通过电子邮件或传真表决，董事会协会表决吗？by杰弗里S. Tenenbaum.; and
您关于电子邮件投票的文章于2009年5月，近七年前发布。使用电子邮件通信是否有关于Neos的进一步发展和定义，以制定董事会决策？
没有任何发展，我通过电子邮件投票表决了。我相信在电子邮件结束时可能更加习惯于构成签名的“sam”一词，但我一般都更喜欢一些证明，主任自己或自己实际上“签署”它而不是依赖so completely on the email address itself, particularly on a very important matter (e.g., approval of a time-sensitive merger).
视频会议是许多问题的关键解决方案。
杰克，非营利组织法律的第3部分涉及非营利组织互利公司。您可以了解更多关于成员检验权的信息http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=corp&group=08001-09000&file=8330-8338.
塔吉吉先生，
我的名字是杰克苏克斯尼，我是Bayside的Bayside Grange＃500的总统，以及加州第3次地区的地区副主席。
我有兴趣了解加州公司如何在加利福尼亚州的互惠互利公司如何。
Specifically, I wish to know what rights members have in inspecting the membership lists, minutes and regular financial reports of the corporation /association.
我们是一个国家广泛协会，加州国家格兰奇，非营利性互利协会＃0210454。我们在1873年被包租，拥有9,000名成员和180名下属“社区”嘉。
I can send the bylaws of the California State Grange upon request.
Thank you for your time,
Sincerely,
杰克苏克兰
President, Bayside Grange
布伦特，我不确定我理解你的问题。委员会的会议与董事会会议不同，不依赖于会议议案要求。
董事会委员会通常由与适用于全委员会的会议要求相同的会议要求。见cal。公司代码秒。5211（c）。
章程中的非董事会委员会会议要求可以在章程中阐明。如果章程中有一个参考，则根据董事会会议与董事会会议相同的程序举行委员会会议，“电子邮件会议”可能是有问题的。
What does California Non-Profit Law say about electronic meetings of committees constituting less than a quorum of the full Board? Can they be conducted via email? Thanks!
Daniel，Corp.代码秒。7513适用于加利福尼亚非营利互利公司和成员的行动，而不是董事。
What about the sections of the Cal. Code — e.g., Corporation Code Sec. 7513 — that permit actions to be taken without a meeting through written ballots, which may be transmitted and received by the corporation electronically? Would this not permit email voting on board matters?
Thanks for the info about electronic voting. The part about having sole control of the email address is particularly interesting. Just puts another check mark on my rant against people sharing email accounts! Not only might I not know who wrote to me, but perhaps worse, I don’t know who might be reading what I wrote!