近年来,随着术语“B公司”和“效益企业”已经使用更频繁,他们也被错误地互换使用。这种混乱在许多方面可以理解为B公司和利益社团音相近,帮助相似类型的任务动机合资企业,并在很大程度上与同一非营利组织有关,B实验室,其开发的B公司认证,并在起草利益社团帮助立法范本。然而,这些都是重要的区别两个截然不同的概念。
在这里,我们将探讨这意味着什么是“B”,突出部分中的B公司认证,并受益公司法律结构之间的关键区别。
实体类型
任何类型的以营利为目的的结构,包括一个独资,合伙或公司的,可以适用于乙实验室要成为认证B公司(也被称作“B公司”或“认证乙公司”)。要申请,公司必须完成B Impact Assessment Survey,是衡量社会和环境的影响,并至少赢得二百分之八十零点。申请人也将被要求签署一份Term Sheet and Declaration of Independence。此外,如果申请人是公司或有限责任公司,它可能还需要修改其管辖文件,包括乙公司法律框架使该公司认为其决定不仅对股东,而且其员工,客户,供应商,社区和环境的影响。认证是一个为期两年的任期,并受到了年度注册费从$ 500 - $每年$ 25,000个(根据认证乙公司的年销售额)。因为B公司认证许可,公司可以很容易地终止协议而不必使其他企业的变化。
不同于认证,受益的公司是一个只能在已经颁布立法,授权一个利益集团的实体创建的7个州的一个被合并公司的实体和特定类型的法律形式。It is a unique legal entity in that every benefit corporation is required by law to have a general public benefit purpose (i.e., “a material positive impact on society and the environment taken as a whole, as measured by a third-party standard, from [its] business and operations”). It may also have an optional special public benefit purpose such as preserving the environment. Additionally, a change to or from a benefit corporation is a corporate entity change requiring shareholder approval. Thus, the benefit corporation is itself a for-profit structure that could actually apply for B Corp certification.
修改信托责任
Corporate board members generally have a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders. Some states also have constituency statutes that permit a board to consider constituency groups as defined in the statute such as employees and the community at large in certain situations.
在B公司认证试图通过要求公司的管理文件中阐明,其理事机构的成员必须考虑多方利益相关者,而不仅仅是股东(或其他业主)来修改受托责任。然而,这一要求可能不总是好与现有的具有高度保护股东,特别是对于大型企业的变化(例如,兼并,出售公司的)企业法律框架的工作。
在另一方面的好处法人立法模式创建了一个新的法律框架。它明确要求(从而允许)董事会考虑股东,员工,客户,社区和社会,在当地和全球环境,造福企业的短期和长期利益,并实现普遍和任何特定的公共利益的能力。除了责任的传统领域,董事或管理人员也可未能追求在一般或特定公共目的追究法律责任好处执行程序, a cause of action unique to the benefit corporation (with the exception of Maryland's benefit corporation legislation). Importantly, this expansion of liability does not also expand the classes of individuals to whom fiduciary duties are owed; no person who is a beneficiary of the general or any specific public benefit of the corporation would have standing to sue the directors or officers solely by virtue of such position. A benefit enforcement proceeding is instead a mechanism for traditional parties to hold directors and officers accountable with respect to the general and/or specific public purposes of the benefit corporation.
透明度报告
有连接到牌在B公司的认证没有具体的公开报告要求。然而,B实验室是否公开发布在其网站上A B影响报告,该报告显示给定的认证乙公司的,如问责制,员工,消费者,环境,社区的区域在B影响评估结果。
The benefit corporation model legislation heightens reporting requirements as compared with other for-profit structures by requiring a benefit corporation to prepare a special annual report called abenefit report。一年一度的好处报告包括诸如描述如何推行其公众利益的叙述,这阻碍了一般的创建或任何特定的公共利益,并利用第三方标准的的社会和环境绩效评估任何情况。受益公司必须使效益报告公布在其网站上,如果有的话,或以其他方式提供复印件不需对任何人谁请求副本。
Third-Party Standard and Audit
There is only one standard and one certifying body with respect to becoming a Certified B Corp: every applicant for B Corp certification is measured against the same third-party standard issued by B Lab called the B Impact Assessment and B Lab is the only certifying body of the B Corp certification. Additionally, as a condition of certification, a Certified B Corp must agree to subject itself to an audit by B Lab if randomly selected. The B Impact Assessment survey is updated every two years and B Lab randomly audits 20% of all B Corps over the two-year certification period, meaning a Certified B Corp has a one in five chance of being audited.
在另一方面的好处企业示范立法并没有规定特定的第三方标准,受益公司必须在编制效益报表中使用。相反,它提供了标准来选择一个可接受的第三方标准,如选择由独立于利益社团的人制定的标准,这让有关标准可公开获得的某些信息。虽然受益的公司必须选择第三方标准,它没有必须由第三方进行评估,这意味着受益公司可以,因为它是使用选定的第三方评估标准本身这么久。一些批评人士已经注意到这使得至少狐狸看管鸡舍和缺乏第三方评估的外观可能无助于解决当前的问题漂绿。其他人也想知道是哪个第三方标准将带来最具合法性和问责制,因为法律没有规定具体的标准通用于所有企业的利益。目前,B实验室是最知名的第三方标准,能够满足公司利益的立法要求。它仍有待观察哪些第三方标准将得到广泛的应用和第三方的角色是否将演变超越产生的第三方标准很多,例如,即使不按法律规定为增加透明度和诚信审计。
Recognition
B Corp certification has received some of its greatest attention in the last two years despite being available since 2007 and has grown into a community of over 517 Certified B Corps in the country, spanning 60 industries, such as Seventh Generation, Good Capital, and our very own NEO Law Group. While many of these B Corps have become leaders in their industries in their pursuit of social and environmental values, only recently have they been pushed to evaluate how they stack up against new hybrid legal models.
受益公司是具有同样的法律结构在2010年首先出现在美国马里兰州成为第一个国家制定利益社团立法的一个新的对话。不过大牌球员,如巴塔哥尼亚,这成为在加利福尼亚州最先受益的公司,都保持发展势头和潜在铺平道路为其他企业利益的方式。
只有时间和经验将决定在B公司的认证或受益公司法人结构是否会带来全方位的由“B”的支持者对社会企业家,消费者,和其他人主张的优势和价值。现在,理解它的意思是“B”以及B公司和企业效益之间的区别是在这个持续评估的必要和急需的第一步。
More information on the B Corp certification is made available by B Lab atbcorporation.netand in theB公司2012年年度报告。
公司更多信息的好处是疯了e available by B Lab atbenefitcorp.net在利益集团白皮书,“T极品他和理由为利益集团:为什么它是法律形式最地址社会企业家,投资者,并最终在公众的需要“。
The "Benefit Corporations: State Statute Comparison Chart" by Professor J. Haskell Murray is available这里。
A law review article summarizing the benefit corporation, "Benefit Corporations—A Sustainable Form of Organization?" by Professor Dana Brakman Reiser is available这里。